Anecdote and Anecdotal

Anecdote and Anecdotal Anecdote and Anecdotal Anecdote and Anecdotal By Maeve Maddox The historian Procopius of Caesarea lived during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian (482-565). His history of the wars of Justinian was published during his lifetime, but another of his works, now referred to as The Secret History, remained unpublished until the manuscript was discovered in the Vatican Library and published in 1623. Although unpublished for centuries, the existence of The Secret History was known earlier, because it is mentioned in a 10th century encyclopedia called the Suda; there, the work is referred to by the Greek word Anekdota, which in Latin is Anecdota, â€Å"unpublished writings.† A very good reason that the work was not published in the time of Justinian is the fact that it contains extremely unflattering stories about the private lives of the emperor and his wife. The earliest meaning of anecdote in English is â€Å"Secret, private, or hitherto unpublished narratives or details of history.† Later, the word came to have its present meaning: â€Å"The narrative of a detached incident, or of a single event, told as being in itself interesting or striking.† As Vice-President, Coolidge and his vivacious wife Grace were invited to quite a few parties, where the legend of Silent Cal was born. It is from this time that most of the jokes and anecdotes involving Coolidge originate. The adjective anecdotal dates from the 18th century. It can mean simply â€Å"pertaining to anecdotes,† but in modern usage it is often used in the sense of â€Å"unreliable.† anecdotal: based on or consisting of reports or observations of usually unscientific observers Merriam-Webster Unabridged anecdotal: (of an account) not necessarily true or reliable, because based on personal accounts rather than facts or research. OxfordDictionaries The legal term hearsay refers to â€Å"anecdotal evidence/testimony†: hearsay: second-hand evidence in which the witness is not telling what he/she knows personally, but what others have said to him/her. Legal Dictionary at law.com Examples of the use of anecdotal and anecdotally: I hope you realize that youre using the same rhetoric that the people who dont believe in climate change use. Youre using anecdotal warmth in a particular part of the globe to prove climate change. The medical community has soundly refuted these theories [that autism is caused by vaccines], but a very passionate group of parents and researchers continue to disagree, based on anecdotal evidence. The recent medical controversy over whether vaccinations cause autism reveals a habit of human cognition- thinking anecdotally comes naturally, whereas thinking scientifically does not. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Work of Art TitlesWriting Styles (with Examples)

Americas Before Columbus Essay Essays

Americas Before Columbus Essay Essays Americas Before Columbus Essay Essay Americas Before Columbus Essay Essay Essay Topic: Equus Before the Europeans adventurers had arrived. the posterities of the prehistoric innovators and ulterior migrators – the Native Americans – had formed a assortment of folks throughout North America. Each folk was related. Some were simple nomads who roamed through the West of the continent. while some were forest inhabitants who worked as huntsmans and fishermen. The southwest part of North America was home to the farming people of the Pueblo state. populating significant metropoliss of rock or adobe ( clay ) . In the Four-Corners ( Utah. Colorado. Arizona and New Mexico ) country was where the Anasazi people ( a. k. a. the â€Å"ancient ones† ) were settled. Their civilization began in about 100 BC. Along the Mississippi we small towns of the Mound Builders who built elephantine earthworks atop which they worshiped their Gods. At this clip. the Native Americans spoke many different linguistic communications. some as different from each other as Italian from English. More than 200 linguistic communications and idioms were developed. There were great fluctuations in imposts and traditions from folk to tribe. Much of North America was non a really good for people to populate in. which is why non that many people lived in North America around 1500. In the northern parts. it’s excessively cold to back up really many people. The winters are excessively long to turn harvests. and there was’t sufficiency works life turning in the natural state to back up people unless there was a batch of land for each individual. In the sou-west. there are immense comeuppances. and even most of the manner up the Pacific seashore ( in what is now California ) it is by and large excessively dry for farming. You can merely farm utilizing irrigation. The early Pueblo people used irrigation for farming. The Great Plains. in the center of the continent. is a grassland for herds of animate beings like the American bison. but largely still excessively dry for farming without the usage of irrigation. Peoples in the Plains lived by chiefly runing American bison. In the Rocky Mountains. dirt was besides was no good for farming. Native American folks in that country such as the Ute lived by runing and assemblage. Along the Mississippi Valley and the Atlantic seashore. there was good farming area. and at that place people like the Mississippians. Iroquois. Sioux. and Cherokee farmed helianthuss. maize. and beans. Because of this. more people were populating at that place. In the Pacific Northwest. there was an copiousness of salmon that could feed a batch of people without farming. and Chinook along with other people lived at that place. The environment changed a great trade between the last Ice Age and 1500 AD. partially because of natural happenings and partially because of things people did. When people crossed over the land span from East Asia. during the Ice Age. North America was partly covered with glaciers. The ice covered the Great Lakes. and most of New York State. The Rocky Mountains had glaciers on them excessively. In the portion of the land that wasn’t covered by glaciers. there were a batch of really large animate beings like mammoths and a immense sort of bison. every bit good as early Equus caballuss and camels. With the terminal of the Ice Age ( 10. 000BC ) . the glaciers melted and shrank. until they merely covered the most northern portion of North America and a small portion of the Rocky Mountains every bit good as other mountains. The clime became warmer all over North America. and there was less grass for the large animate beings to ear. Most of them became extinct. New animate beings like the cowss that became the American American bison. and the Canis familiariss that came along with people. moved in from East Asia. South America South America is a long. narrow continent running from the equator down about to the South pole. So the northern portion near the equator is hot and wet. and the southern portion is really cold. Native Americans spread out rapidly in South America and adapted their life style to the given clime. They inhabited the hot and humid jungles and the cold Andes Mountains. which run down the seashore of South America. In these mountains. there are llamas. Lama guanicoe. vicunas. alpacas. and guinea hogs. The most popular civilization of the country was the Inca. Near the equator. the Amazon River runs east to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the largest river in the universe. and it’s H2O feeds a rich jungle that covers a batch of eastern South America. Rubber trees grow in the jungle. Jaguars. tapirs. chiropterans. toads. and anaconda serpents live at that place. while mahimahis. electric eels and piranhas live in the Amazon River. 3. Some Native American people made a batch of their vesture out of deerskins or the teguments of the other animate beings. Others wore apparels made of yucca and Meleagris gallopavo plumes. While some wove dressing out of bark strips or strands of hemp. Men wore cosmetic chapeaus with plumes. In the cold South near the artic. they made boots out of seal tegument. For nutrient they grew harvests. hunted. fished and gathered wild workss. The work forces had to run while the adult females farmed and gathered. Some of the nutrients they ate were Cucurbita pepos. bison. cervid. elk. blackberries. fish. maize. nuts. beans. and murphies. Through rites and supplications. they tried to delight the liquors. Often their rites included dances. If the liquors liked their dances they would give. in return. rain for their following harvest. Some believed in assorted Gods and practiced the Sun dance. They manus made clayware. wove baskets. and made jewellery to have on. Native Americans used what of all time resources they had to construct their shelter. They used caves for rain. cold air current. a topographic point to conceal for protection from animate beings and enemies. They lived in cone. dome. and rectangular-shaped houses or wigwams. They besides lived in tepees. or wikiups ( a frame of wood held together with yucca fibres and covered with coppice ) . and Hogans. Some built their places out of adobe ( sundried bricks ) . others made their place out of logs. coppice and clay. Other Native Americans lived near the cold artic and used iglu for shelter which were houses made of snow and ice. 4. I believe that I would non be able to last if I was to be transported to the 1490’s. Teenss today are non taught to hold the accomplishments of endurance that the Native Americans used during that clip. Clearly. we are more advanced now than we were about all those old ages ago. Most of the teens and grownups of today’s society are so used to holding their smart phone attached to their hip 24/7. Truthfully. I don’t think I could last with out it. Today. if we have a inquiry. we would merely Google it. Make you believe the Native Americans had luxury of researching a job and acquiring an reply in less than 2 proceedingss? It would likely take me a life-time to calculate out the simplest of undertakings if I living in America before 1500 AD. Sometimes we forget to take a minute to believe about how lucky we are. When you think of runing. you think of modern twenty-four hours arms. When you think of farming. you think of tractors and other modern machines. I doubt that the Native Americans had those tools. Heck. I would hold to do my ain tools. I’d likely starve to decease before I found a manner to do the tools needed to last. I believe most teens today would non be able to last. The fact that engineering. as we know it. would be non-existent in America before Columbus arrived. would do it a really hard being. I genuinely believe that day-to-day life would be excessively hard for me. and I would most likely non survive for really long at all.

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 46

Personal Statement Example One thing I love about Marketing is that it is never boring. I see myself in a role where I would be constantly updating myself on the latest trends and consumer preferences, the latest techniques of advertising, and new wonders of digital technology. Another very appealing aspect of Marketing is that it requires teamwork. People from different cultures join hands, bringing the very best from their respective cultures, to promote a product or service. As a Marketer, I shall be able to socialize with culturally diverse peers on daily basis and form long-lasting contacts and bonds with them. Marketing is like artwork. It takes an innovative approach for an ad or other means of marketing to gain that special attention for the audience which can make the sales for a particular product or service stand out. It takes thorough knowledge, deep thinking, prudent planning, teamwork, dedication, and commitment to successfully market a product or service. All these elements combined in one profession make it worth more than just a source of income. The satisfaction and feeling of accomplishment that comes with the success of a product or service because of effective marketing is overwhelming. Successful brands like Gucci, Giorgio Armani, and Pepsi heavily invest in marketing and the sales profile reflects the fruit of investment. I love the experimentation in Marketing. From issuing loyalty stamps to the customers to discount days, Marketers are always busy trying something new to enlarge the customer base and gain customer loyalty. Having practiced these techniques for some years in some big firms, I intend to apply the lessons and techniques thus learned to make my own brand successful, which I intend to establish some years later. Marketing can make or break a business, so it is crucially important for someone who aspires to become an entrepreneur in the long-term to be formally

November rain Music video analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

November rain Music video analysis - Essay Example It appears in the video several times in different settings. The interpretation of this symbol depends on the setting where it appears in the video. In the beginning of the video, the sound of rain on the background intensifies the loneliness of the main characters who sits in his dark bedroom. During the wedding, rain represents the turning point in all life events. It transforms the wedding party and makes all people hide somewhere in the house or under the tables. Finally, the rain takes place funeral ceremony referencing the main message of the song that says â€Å"nothing lasts forever†. Death of the beloved is highly symbolic for this song. First of all, death supports the thesis of the composition that nothing lasts forever. Death can take away love, freedom and friendship and people cannot win the death. Death represents all external consequences which do not depend on people’s actions. Death is often a turning point in people’s life and it forces them to start everything from scratch. In the context of the song, death is the begging of new life for the main character who has to let it go and start new relationships. The chapel in the deserted area is a clear symbol of loneliness and personal isolation. It is not an ordinary building but a chapel, which means that it is related to personal emotions, religion and spirituality in its broader context.

Accent Strength And Regional Accents

Accent Strength And Regional Accents At a party one night a visitor from another country remarks that You dont have so strong an accent as your friends. You had previously believed that you had no accent and that you spoke like your friends, but the statement helps you to realize that you carry a regional accent, just like everyone else around you. What explanation could you offer your visitor for why you never realized that fact before and why you really do have an accent just like the one your friends have? What explanation could you offer your visitor for why you never realized that fact before? What explanation could you offer your visitor for why you really do have an accent just like the one your friends have? 1) Why I never realised that: a) I had no accent. b) My accent is not as strong as my friends. c) I have an accent just like one of my friends. WHY I NEVER REALISED THAT I HAD AN ACCENT. Most people dont realize that they have an accent because they are accustom to the pronunciation and rhythm of speech in their country. It sounds normal hearing other Trinidadian speak. Whenever I meet foreigners, it intrigues me to hear their accent and I try to figure out which country they are from. Hearing a foreigners accent sounds strange to me because it is not the norm in my place of abode. Although most people have an accent they do not acknowledge this greatly. We live in a society where mostly everyone speaks and sounds the same, with the exception of foreigners and those with speak difficulties. We always consider the main accent as normal and any other accent as funny or strange. I never realized this because I lived my entire in Trinidad and never travelled or lived abroad where my accent was not the popular. Hearing you speak to me makes me realize that the way I speak CUNNING LINGUISTICS Everyone has an accent. Some readers might think, No shit! Thats obvious! But its not obvious, smart arse. A survey held in Britain in 2005 revealed that 7% of respondents dont believe they have an accent. I would claim that the actual figure is even much higher than that. Were all prisoners of our own culture. Living within a society, were surrounded and bombarded by a majority accent. To us, that accent sounds natural and other accents sound different. Sometimes we confuse the familiar accent as being right, and the different ones as being wrong. It may sound silly, but I never realised I had an accent until I set foot in England at age 25. Having lived in Trinidad for my whole life, to me when Trinis spoke it sounded normal. But in England, as soon as I said something people would look at me. The funny thing too is that I had to learn what my accent sounded like by listening to my other Trini friends, and still I didnt think they had an accent. Then I realised I had to listen to intonations of how Trinidadians spoke. Some people change their accents to blend in. However, I think my accent got even thicker, as my way to hold on to my Caribbean identity, and I revelled in speaking Trinidadian Creole (which is a dialect that was formed by slaves mixing English with their own language, and includes unique words and sayings). People say Trinidadians accent sounds happy. To quote a previous boss, she said it sounded like a lilt. When I speak Standard English people understand it quite well. Like Paull says, it depends on how its delivered; its the slang/ dialect that can confuse people. Ive spoken with Paull, and another Aussie and had no problems understanding them. Seems they understood me quite well also, and our accents are quite different. Ask A Linguist FAQ What is an accent? An accent is a way of pronouncing a language. It is therefore impossible to speak without an accent. Some people may think they do not have an accent. Or you may think that there are other people who do not have an accent. Everyone has an accent. The term accentless is sometimes used (by non-linguists) about people who speak one of the high prestige reference accents (such as General American or, less commonly, RP), which are associated with people from a fairly wide region and with people of high social class. But these are also accents. I will mention them again later in this FAQ. MY ACCENT IS NOT AS STRONG AS MY FRIENDS CUNNING LINGUISTICS Accents dont just vary at the level of nationality (e.g., Aussie) or region (e.g., Boston). They also vary with the individual (e.g., you). Your accent is a fingerprint, a totally unique, distinctive way of talking (linguists call this an idiolect). It isnt fixed though. It can change, with the right combination of influence and interest. Recently, some twit asked me, Why dont you sound American yet? Okay, Ive been in the States for two and a half years now, and my accent now sounds a little different to me. But, by contrast, this difference is generally imperceptible to Americans (and non-linguists). Your accent does leave a Hansel and Gretel-like trail of where youve been. Obviously, it takes awhile for a new accent to kick in. Other factors can influence this process too, whether you want to adopt an accent (convergence) or dont want to adopt it (divergence). Accents are like tracking devices that can reveal where youve been. The field of Forensic Linguistics investigates this area. In August 2005, a militant video of an al-Qaeda fighter was found. A forensic linguist was able to determine several aspects of the fighters identity, that he had been raised in Australia and possibly had parents of Middle Eastern descent. This area is useful in legal cases, especially for identification, transcription and in authenticating recordings. Accent (linguistics) Prestige Certain accents are perceived to carry more prestige in a society than other accents. This is often due to their association with the elite part of society. For example in the United Kingdom, Received Pronunciation of the English language is associated with the traditional upper class. I HAVE AN ACCENT JUST LIKE ONE OF MY FRIENDS CUNNING LINGUISTICS Another twit drives around with a bumper sticker on his SUV proclaiming: Welcome to America. Nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦speak English or get out! What a funny fuck! This pseudo-patriotic, prejudiced twit has no control over who speaks what and where. This is a dynamic process that he can only witness. American English may be the fastest growing version of Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but Spanish is the fastest growing language in Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ So, accents can reveal our regional origins, but they can also suggest what kind of social circles we move in. Compare the Queen of Englands accent to that of a miner in Yorkshire. Accent can also provide info about your economic background and education. Stop practicing your accentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I can hear you right now! Accent (linguistics) As human beings spread out into isolated communities, stresses and peculiarities develop. Over time these can develop into identifiable accents. In North America, the interaction of people from many ethnic backgrounds contributed to the formation of the different varieties of North American accents. It is difficult to measure or predict how long it takes an accent to formulate. Accents in the USA, Canada and Australia, for example, developed from the combinations of different accents and languages in various societies, and the effect of this on the various pronunciations of the British settlers, yet North American accents remain more distant, either as a result of time or of external or foreign linguistic interaction, such as the Italian accent. In many cases, the accents of non-English settlers from Great Britain and Ireland affected the accents of the different colonies quite differently. Irish, Scottish and Welsh immigrants had accents which greatly affected the vowel pronunciation of certain areas of Australia and Canada Social factors When a group defines a standard pronunciation, speakers who deviate from it are often said to speak with an accent. People from the United States would speak with an accent from the point of view of an Australian, and vice versa. Accents such as BBC English or General American may sometimes be erroneously designated in their countries of origin as accentless to indicate that they offer no obvious clue to the speakers regional background. Groups sharing an identifiable accent may be defined by any of a wide variety of common traits. An accent may be associated with the region in which its speakers reside (a geographical accent), the socio-economic status of its speakers, their ethnicity, their caste or social class, their first language (when the language in which the accent is heard is not their native language), and so on. Regional accents of English Local accents are part of local dialects. Any dialect of English has unique features in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. The term accent describes only the first of these, namely, pronunciation. See also: List of dialects of the English language. Non-native speakers of English tend to carry over the intonation and phonemic inventory from their mother tongue into their English speech. For more details see Non-native pronunciations of English. Among native English speakers, many different accents exist. Some regional accents are easily identified by certain characteristics. Further variations are to be found within the regions identified below; for example, towns located less than 10 miles (16 km) from the city of Manchester such as Bolton, Oldham and Salford, each have distinct accents, all of which form the Lancashire accent, yet in extreme cases are different enough to be noticed even by a non-local listener. There is also much room for misunderstanding between people from different regions, as the way one word is pronounced in one accent (for example, petal in American English) will sound like a different word in another accent (for example, pearl in Scottish English). Your accent results from how, where, and when you learned the language you are speaking and it gives impressions about you to other people. People do not have a single fixed accent which is determined by their experiences. We can control the way we speak, and do, both consciously and unconsciously. Most people vary their accent depending on who they are speaking with. We change our accents, often without noticing, as we have new life experiences. How accurate people are in knowing about you from your accent depends not only on the features of your accent, but also on who the listener is, and what they know about the other people who speak with a similar accent to you. Your accent might be one that is associated with people from a particular place (for example, with being from New York, London, or Delhi). Some people might just hear you as simply being from the US, England, or India. Your accent might give the impression that you spoke some other language before the one you are speaking at the moment (you might speak French with an English accent, or English with a Korean accent). Its impossible to speak without conveying some information through your accent. All languages are spoken with several different accents. There is nothing unusual about English. And not everyone who comes from the same place speaks the same: in any place there is a variety of accents. Language changes over time. We get new words, there are grammatical changes, and accents change over time. If you listen to recordings made by people from your own language community 100 years ago, you will hear for yourself that even over that time accents have changed. Try out some of the links from the Spoken Word Archive Group , for example. Why do languages develop different accents? Human nature. In all sorts of ways, we behave like those we mix with. We are members of social groups, and within our social group we like to behave in similar ways and show that we belong. We do this in language as well as in other ways (e.g. what we wear, what we eat). When groups become distinct, the way they speak becomes distinct too. This happens socially and geographically, but is easiest to illustrate by geographical differences. If a single group splits into two (imagine that one half goes to Island A and one half to Island B), then once they have separated, their accents will change over time, but not in the same way, so that after just one generation the accent of Island A will be different from the accent of Island B. If they stay completely separated for centuries, their dialects may become so different that we will start wanting to say they are speaking two different languages. Why are the accents a particular place like they are? Separate development accounts for some accent variation. But sometimes we need to talk about the first generation of speakers of a particular language brought up in a new place. The first children to grow up in a new place are very important. The children who grow up together are a peer group. They want to speak the same as each other to express their group identity. The accent they develop as they go through their childhood will become the basis for the accents of the new place. So where does their accent come from? The first generation of children will draw on the accents of the adults around them, and will create something new. If people move to a new place in groups (as English speakers did to America, Australia and New Zealand) that group usually brings several different accents with them. The children will draw on the mixture of accents they hear and create their own accent out of what they hear. The modern accents of Australia are more similar to London accents of English than to any other accent from England this is probably because the founder generation (in the eighteenth century) had a large component drawn from the poor of London, who were transported to Australia as convicts. The accents of New Zealand are similar to Australian accents because a large proportion of the early English-speaking settlers of New Zealand came from Australia. The mix found in the speech of the settlers of a new place establishes the kind of accent that their children will develop. But the first generation born in the new place will not keep the diversity of their parents generation they will speak with similar accents to the others of their age group. And if the population grows slowly enough, the children will be able to absorb subsequent children into their group, so that even quite large migrations of other groups (such as Irish people into Australia) will not make much difference to the accent of the new place. Most parents know this. If someone from New York (US) marries someone from Glasgow (Scotland, UK), and these two parents raise a child in Leeds (England, UK), that child will not speak like either of the parents, but will speak like the children he (I know of such a child!) is at school with. About Accents By Shiromi Nassreen, eHow Contributor When we hear a voice, one of the first things we might notice is a persons accent, particularly if that accent happens to be different from our own. If we cant see the person, we may even come to conclusions based on the accent. Accents can give us perceptions about a person that are not always accurate, such as how intelligent the person is or how much money he makes. What is an Accent? 1. An accent is the way in which a person pronounces a word in a language. Accents are caused by a number of factors, primarily the region that someone is from, where he learned to speak the language and his social background. However, despite that fact that accents tend to give away information regarding a persons background, accents can be changed. In fact, people will often unknowingly change their accents to fit their current location and social group. Some believe that they dont have an accent because it is a more commonly known accent such as the General American accent or the British Received Pronunciation typically seen on television; however, it is still an accent. The Origin of Accents 2. Accents develop and change naturally over time. However, a primary cause for the changing of an accent is when groups of people migrate to new locations. People will usually speak with the same accent as their peers. This helps to create a group identity. When groups migrate, such as the settlers of North America, they find themselves among a group where a variety of languages and accents is being spoken. The children of that group will draw on the accents spoken around them and develop a new accent. Accents and Development 3. Accents are often developed during childhood. Generally, children often find it easier to pick up accents. If a child whose parents are from England moves to Australia, the child is unlikely to speak with an English accent, speaking instead with the accent of the childs peers. However, should the child as an adult later wish to change her accent, that is also possible. Accents and Social Factors 4. Accents can not only indicate a region that a person is from but also that persons social background. Often certain accents are stereotypically associated with a certain class. British Received Pronunciation is usually associated with the upper class and a well-educated person. According to a study at Bath Spa University, the Brummie accent of Birmingham is thought to be the least intelligent of all the British regional accents studied. However, a person unfamiliar with these stereotypesan American, for examplewould not have the same perceptions of the accent.

Prohibition and Repeal 18th & 21st Amendments :: essays research papers fc

Prohibition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prohibition was the eighteenth amendment. It prohibited the production and consumption of alcoholic beverages. People would have never thought of â€Å"excoriating† alcohol until the 19th century (Tyrrell 16). During this time widespread crime and dismay arose. Some beneficial things did come out of this period of chaos such as women were able to prove themselves as people their temperance movements. During this time many things happened that led to Prohibition’s strongest point and to its fall. Prohibition proved to be a failure from the start,. Prohibition was scarcely adhered to and also widely defied but out of this women had a chance to voice their opinions and prove themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Article V deals with amendments. Either house or law makers can propose amendments. In order for an amendment to be passed the House of Representatives and the Senate must ratify by three quarters vote. On January 29, 1919, the Secretary of State announced that on January 16th thirty-six states had ratified the amendment and therefore it had become a part of the Constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperance movements were vital keys to the ratification of the eighteenth amendment. Temperance at first meant abstaining from distilled liquors, but later would be the complete avoidance of alcohol. Both men and women would participate in temperance across the United States. Women finally had a voice in these issues. Women temperance movements would include gathering around saloons, pharmacies, and other places that distributed alcohol that could be consumed. In these gatherings women would sing prayers, recite psalms, and persuade people to avoid drinking alcohol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among the men of these temperance groups was a Connecticut preacher named Lymm Beecher. He was well known for his work with temperance movements. He was also known for his publishing, Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of intemperance. He was a pre-prohibition modern day Reverend Jonathon Edwards by â€Å"appealing to the deepest emotions and beliefs of his readers† (Lucas 24). Ironically he moved to Boston and worked with Reverend Justin Edwards to unite temperance groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among the women of the temperance era, Francis Elizabeth Willard was probably one of the most important temperance leaders. She was born September 23, 1839 in New York. She first got her aversion towards alcohol by her father because he was a â€Å"total abstainer† (Lucas 32). Her interests in temperance grew when she heard stories of the Women’s Crusades in Ohio. She joined a team of crusaders in Pittsburg and later became the president of the Chicago branch of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).

Gautam Buddha Essay

Gautama Buddha, also known as Siddhartha Gautam, Shakyamuni, or simply the Buddha, was a spiritual teacher from ancient times and the founder of Buddhism. He is universally recognized by Buddhists as the Supreme Buddha (Sammasambuddha) of our age. Yet his exact date of birth and death is uncertain but a majority of historians date his lifetime from circa 623 B. C. to 543 B. C. He is one of the few luminaries in the history of humans who is such a wide and lasting influence to the people. There are countless stories of the Buddha each tradition, each culture, each time period has their own stories . It is believed that, immediately after his birth he took seven steps and on each step a lotus blossomed which represents the seven colours of rainbow. The tales say he was a son of a king raised in a palace with every imaginable luxury, he was called Siddhartha Gautama-a prince among a clan of warriors â€Å"When I was a child† he said â€Å"I was delicately brought up most delicately, a white sunshade was held over me day and night to protect me from cold, heat, dirt and dust. My father gave me three lotus’s ponds one where red lotuses bloomed, one where white lotuses bloomed, one where blue lotuses bloomed† Pali talkie Gautam Buddha is the key figure in Buddhism. Discourses, and monastic rules were summarized only after his death and memorized. Passed down by oral tradition, the Tripitak- the holy book of Buddhism is also written on pali language only after 400 years of his death which is divided into 3 parts 1st the rules that a Buddhist monk needs to follow, 2nd Buddha’s admonition and 3rd Accounts of Buddha’s life. Siddartha Gautam: Siddhartha Gautam was born in southern Nepal at the foot of the Himalayas on the famous gardens of Lumbini, which is located in the Terai plains of southern Nepal, testified by the inscription on the pillar erected by the Mauryan Emperor Asoka in 249 B. C. Siddhartha was a child with a contemplative bent of mind. He was inclined towards meditation and spiritual pursuits much against the wishes of his father. His father feared that Siddhartha might leave home, and so, kept tried to insulate him from the harsh realities of the world outside by keeping him inside the palace all the time. Sealed from pain and suffering Siddhartha indulged in a life of pure pleasure. Every whim satisfied every desire fulfilled. The Buddha once said â€Å"During the rainy season I stayed in my palace where I was entertained by musicians and dancing girls I never thought of leaving. † when he was sixteen his father draws him in tighter in to palace life, married him to his cousin which wasn’t long before they fell in love. But one day when he goes outside travelling through the kingdom, and he has the first of four encounters he sees an old man and he ask his attendants and attendants replied oh! That is the change, no human being could stay young everybody needs to grow old. Then on his next tour outside he sees a sick man and doesn’t quite understand what it is, again he ask his attendants then his attendants replied oh! That happens to all of us everybody gets sick and don’t think you are a prince and you don’t get sick your father, your mother everybody will become sick. Then he sees that it isn’t just a sick person in fact it’s the universal and something is stimulated inside of him so he keeps getting the chariot to take him out then he sees horror after horror. And on his third trip outside he meets a corps then he recognizes impermanence, suffering and death as a real state of things, the world that he has been protected, sealed or kept from seeing and he was shocked then he realized this is my fate too I will also become old I will also become sick and eventually I will also die, how do I deal with these things. And then on his fourth trip outside he sees the spiritual seeker someone who was decided to live a life completely other than his life in order to escape impermanence, sufferings and death. Soon after he left his family and Kingdom at the age of 29 and went into the forest in search of peace and truth. Siddhartha was alone in the world for the first time, on the bank of the nearby river he drew his sword â€Å"although my father and step mother were grieving with tears on their faces† Siddhartha said â€Å"I cut of my hair I put on the yellow robes and went forth from home into homelessness. I have been wounded by the enjoyment of the world and I had come out longing to obtained peace. † Then he wandered from place to place to gain knowledge. He met many cholars and saints but he was not satisfied. At last he started hard meditation bearing great physical suffering. Emaciated, exhausted Siddhartha tortures’ himself trying to destroy anything within himself that he sees it’s bad. It is said that Siddhartha had lived many life before this one as countless animals, innumerable human beings and even gods across four incalculable ages that secret text say and many eons experiencing life in all at different forms. The Buddha: Gautam Buddha seated under a pipal tree—now known as the Bodhi tree—in Bodh Gaya small town in north eastern India. For Buddhist there are hundreds of holy places but none more sacred than Bodh Gaya. It is the sacred point from which the buddhits faith radiates. It is their mecca or jeroselum or any other initiation forms of initiator. Then he vowed never to arise until he had found the truth so he sat down with his rags he was wearing under the shade of Bodhi tree at the bank of the river and began to meditate. It was spring time with a full moon on the sky at night, before the sun would rise Siddhartha’s long search would be over. Siddhartha now got transformed into Buddha or the enlightened one at the age of the thirty five. The pipal tree under which he got Enlightment came to be known as Bodhi Vriksha. Buddha saw nature of the people envy, jealousy and strong negative mental stage. He analyzed all the people in the world they are like the fishes riddling in the very shallow water. So Buddha he himself is afraid to teach the people. Then, the myth says the god BRAHMA himself comes to the Buddha kneeling down and asked Buddha to teach people what he had gains during all his life BRAHMA implies that is what every human needed to satisfied one’s life otherwise the human life would never be fulfilled. And then Buddha decided to give his teachings. For the remaining 45 years of his life, the Buddha devote his rest of his life bringing his teachings the â€Å"Dharma† the fundamental laws of all things into the world. He preached his first sermon in Sarnath, near Varanasi. He taught that the world is full of sorrows and people suffer on account of desire. Hence desires needed to be conquered by following Eightfold Path. Of these eight paths, the first three would ensure physical control, the next two ensures mental control, and the last two would ensure intellectual development. It is said that the Buddha traveled in the Gangetic Plain, in what is now Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to outcaste street sweepers, murderers such as Angulimala, and cannibals such as Alavaka. Cast was irrelevant to the Buddha so his teachings focused within the universe. From the outset, Buddhism was equally open to all races and classes, and had no caste structure, as was the rule for most Hindus in the-then society. Bliss, nirvana the Buddha taught could be found in a freeing movement through the practice of meditation the Buddha showed to his followers how to come to the terms with their own roiling thoughts and desires by paying attention to them, by becoming aware becoming mindful. What Buddha realizes is that if we can get rid of this fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of itself based on egotism, we won’t screw up everything we do, because we are thinking about it in a wrong way. Once you stop centering your feelings about feelings on yourselves, what naturally arise are simple compassions, compassions for your own sufferings and others as well. For decades the Buddha shared his teachings all across north eastern India that all beings are happy, he taught weak or strong, great or small. He said let us cherish all creatures as a mother her only child. Bare foot in his robes he was still walking along the roads when he was eighty an old age was upon him his back hurt, his stomach was often in pain, â€Å"I am old worn out† he told to a trusted disciple â€Å"like a deflated craft held together within straps†, the world is so sweet he said that he could understands to wanting to live at least another century but he was fragile and exhausted he become ill at the village named Kushinagar near Nepal. Kushinagar is revered by the pilgrims where the Buddha finally left this world. It was in Kushinagar where he grew weak and has to laid on his side in a quite grove of Sal trees as near the end his disciples began to weep striking with grief. But the Buddha reassured them that all things change he said whatever is born is subject to decay. He was saying these is natural process he tells his disciples, use this time, use the energy here even this, for your own awakening , so he use even his own death and their sadness as a time to remind them of what they real task was. In short: Now, Buddhism is more than 2500 years old there are more than 350 million followers in the world who follows Buddhism. The gist is Buddhism arose as a result of Siddhartha Gautam’s quest for Enlightenment in around the 6th century BC. There is no belief in a personal God in Buddhism. It is not centered on the relationship between humanity and god. Buddhists believe that nothing is fixed or permanent- change is always possible. The two main Buddhist Sects are Theravada Buddhism and Mahayam Buddhism, but there are many more. There is not particular place where Buddhists can worships they can worships both at home or at a temple. The path to enlightenment is through the practice and development of morality, mediation and wisdom. â€Å"It may be that after I am gone that some of you will think that now we have no teacher but that is not how you should see it, let the dharma and the discipline that I have taught you be your teacher, all individual things pass away strive on untiringly† Buddha’s last words. The fundamental need for the peace is the peace in the individuals mind. We can give others only the values and idea that we possess. Only the happy and satisfied person, therefore, can provide the happiness and love to others and be able to unite people. The present world situation is the result of our way of thinking. World peace is possible only when all the people love each other. If everybody thinks about each other we would not have problems, but we are habitual in our thinking and define everything according to ourselves or group or community or country. If we steal from another, we steal from ourselves. Instead, we should learn to give and take care of things that belong to our family, to the school, or to the public. Proper conduct shows respect for oneself and others. Our bodies are gifts from our parents, so we should protect them from harm. Young people should especially keep their natures pure and develop their virtue. It is up to them to make the world a better place to live. Religion is religion only when it unites people and not if divides. We therefore, need conversation from leaders to masters, religious persons to spiritual persons to achieve a level of World Peace.